Contents

• 1. The beginnings of independent political activity / Geoffrey A. Hosking
• 2. The evolution of independent political movements after 1988 / Jonathan Aves
• 3. The rebirth of politics in Russia / Peter J. S. Duncan
• 4. The return of St Petersburg / Peter J. S. Duncan
• 5. The Russian labour movement, 1989-91: the mirage of a Russian Solidarnosc / Jonathan Aves
• 6. The rise and fall of the Georgian nationalist movement, 1987-91 / Jonathan Aves
• 7. Popular movements in Estonia / Geoffrey A. Hosking
• 8. Triumph and foreboding / Geoffrey A. Hosking, Jonathan Aves and Peter J. S. Duncan
• Appendix: Main independent political organisations